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As Dense as a Rock: Glossary of the Linguistic Terms Used Here

Noun
A word that is the name of a subject of discourse
Pronoun
A word that takes the place of nouns in sentences (He, She, They, etc.)
Verb
A word that expresses an act, occurrence or mode of being


Transitive Verb 
A verb that requires a direct object.
(A bit more explanation, if you could)



Intransitive Verb 
A verb which does not require a direct object
(A bit more explanation, if you could)



Adjective
A word that typically serves as a modifier of a noun

Adverb
A word that typically serves as a modifier of a verb, adjective or other adverbs
(A bit more explanation, if you could)

Agent
One who initiates and /or completes an action or an event.
(A bit more explanation, if you could)

Subject
An element of a sentence which indicates an agent of an action
(A bit more explanation, if you could)

Direct Object
The direct object of a verb is the direct recipient of an action represented by the verb.
(A bit more explanation, if you could)


Gerund
A verb that takes the place of a noun in a sentence



Predicate
Indicates action performed or existence expressed by the subject


Pronominal
A verb/adjective which precedes a noun and modifies it
(A bit more explanation, if you could)



Active Sentence
A sentence which describes an action from the agent’s point of view.

(A bit more explanation, if you could)




Passive Sentence 
A sentence which describes an action by someone from the viewpoint of someone else who is affected by that action.
(A bit more explanation, if you could)



Auxiliary Adjective 
A dependent adjective that is preceded by and attached to a verb or another adjective.
(A bit more explanation, if you could)



Causative Sentence 
Sentences in which someone/something makes or lets someone/something do an action
(A bit more explanation, if you could)